{"id":10059,"date":"2026-11-11T01:41:11","date_gmt":"2026-11-11T01:41:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eternumebrietas.org\/?p=10059"},"modified":"2026-11-11T02:54:19","modified_gmt":"2026-11-11T02:54:19","slug":"ecological-importance-traditional-hedgerows-beira-baixa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eternumebrietas.org\/fr\/ecological-importance-traditional-hedgerows-beira-baixa\/","title":{"rendered":"The Ecological Importance of Traditional Hedgerows in Beira Baixa Agriculture"},"content":{"rendered":"
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L’importance \u00e9cologique des haies traditionnelles dans l’agriculture de Beira Baixa<\/h1>\n

\u00c0 travers Beira Baixa, l’agriculture s’int\u00e8gre dans un paysage vari\u00e9 d’oliveraies, de vignobles, de vergers, de p\u00e2turages et d’habitats semi-naturels. Au sein de ce patchwork, une haie est plus qu’une simple limite : elle peut offrir un abri, de la nourriture et un itin\u00e9raire \u00e0 travers des terres autrement intensives. Cependant, la valeur des haies traditionnelles dans cette r\u00e9gion portugaise doit \u00eatre d\u00e9crite avec soin. Les recherches soutiennent leur potentiel \u00e9cologique ; elles n’\u00e9tablissent pas encore exactement la contribution de chaque haie localement.<\/p>\n

Qu’est-ce qui compte comme une haie ?<\/h2>\n

Ici, le terme \u00ab haie \u00bb d\u00e9signe une ligne ou une bande de v\u00e9g\u00e9tation ligneuse le long d’un champ \u2013 et non un mur de pierre s\u00e8che, une rang\u00e9e d’arbres de culture ou un syst\u00e8me agroforestier complet. Ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments paysagers peuvent coexister, chacun ayant son propre r\u00f4le \u00e9cologique. La note d’information du Parlement europ\u00e9en d\u00e9crit les haies et les \u00e9l\u00e9ments similaires comme des lignes de v\u00e9g\u00e9tation arbor\u00e9e ou arbustive bordant les terres agricoles ou l’eau, avec des avantages potentiels pour la protection de l’habitat, du sol et de l’eau. (Service de recherche du Parlement europ\u00e9en, 2020)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t

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1. Couloirs de vie et ressources pour la faune<\/h2>\n

Un ensemble de haies vari\u00e9es peut offrir des fleurs, des fruits, un abri et des lieux de nidification, tout en reliant des parcelles d’habitat \u00e0 travers un paysage agricole. Cette connexion est importante car la faune doit se d\u00e9placer entre les lieux pour trouver de la nourriture, se reproduire et trouver un refuge. Une note d’information du Parlement europ\u00e9en r\u00e9sume les preuves indiquant que les syst\u00e8mes agroforestiers soutiennent les oiseaux et les insectes ; il s’agit de preuves g\u00e9n\u00e9rales europ\u00e9ennes, et non d’un sondage sp\u00e9cifique des haies de Beira Baixa. (EPRS, 2020)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Cependant, il existe un point de d\u00e9part local utile. Une enqu\u00eate d’un an men\u00e9e dans un paysage agricole diversifi\u00e9 \u00e0 Vale de Prazeres, Fund\u00e3o, a recens\u00e9 213 esp\u00e8ces d’abeilles dans divers habitats, notamment des haies, des vergers, des vignobles, des prairies et des zones riveraines. Les auteurs ont signal\u00e9 131 premiers relev\u00e9s pour la Beira Baixa. Leur article montre que les haies faisaient partie du paysage \u00e9chantillonn\u00e9, mais ne donne pas de nombre d’abeilles distinct pour les haies. Il s’agit d’une preuve de la diversit\u00e9 des abeilles dans la r\u00e9gion \u2013 et de la quantit\u00e9 qui reste \u00e0 documenter \u2013 et non d’une preuve que les haies en sont seules responsables. (Gaspar et al., 2022)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t

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2. Soutenir l’\u00e9cologie agricole sous et au-dessus du sol<\/h2>\n

Les haies peuvent \u00e9galement favoriser des processus importants pour l\u2019agriculture, notamment la pollinisation et le contr\u00f4le naturel des ravageurs. Une \u00e9tude men\u00e9e dans les paysages c\u00e9r\u00e9aliers de la r\u00e9gion m\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019une couverture plus importante des haies dans le paysage \u00e9tait associ\u00e9e \u00e0 une augmentation du parasitisme des pucerons, passant de 12 % \u00e0 18 %, et \u00e0 une augmentation potentielle des mesures de pollinisation allant jusqu\u2019\u00e0 70 %. Dans cette \u00e9tude, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 constat\u00e9 que la complexification d\u2019une simple bordure de champ n\u2019am\u00e9liorait pas les services dans le champ voisin. La le\u00e7on \u00e0 retenir n\u2019est pas que les m\u00eames gains num\u00e9riques se produiront dans la r\u00e9gion de Beira Baixa, mais que le r\u00e9seau environnant d\u2019habitats peut \u00eatre aussi important que la haie \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 d\u2019un champ. (Dainese et al., 2017)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Sous le sol, une \u00e9tude men\u00e9e sur quatre sites au centre de l’Espagne a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 une plus grande richesse et diversit\u00e9 taxonomique des champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires dans les sols des haies que dans les sols agricoles voisins. Ces champignons s’associent aux racines des plantes, ce qui renforce l’argument selon lequel les haies font partie d’un habitat agricole diversifi\u00e9. Il ne s’agit pas d’une mesure directe du rendement des cultures, de l’am\u00e9lioration des sols ou des effets des haies en Beira Baixa. Les chercheurs ont \u00e9galement constat\u00e9 une diversit\u00e9 phylog\u00e9n\u00e9tique plus faible dans les sols des haies que dans les cultures herbac\u00e9es, ce qui rappelle que les r\u00e9ponses \u00e9cologiques ne sont pas uniform\u00e9ment positives pour toutes les mesures. (Gonz\u00e1lez Fradejas et al., 2022)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t

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3. Maintenir les haies utiles dans un paysage aride et agricole<\/h2>\n

Pour les agriculteurs, l’argument pratique est de g\u00e9rer les haies dans le cadre d’un paysage agricole interconnect\u00e9, plut\u00f4t que de consid\u00e9rer une nouvelle plantation comme une solution garantie. Lorsque cela est appropri\u00e9, le maintien des limites bois\u00e9es existantes, l’autorisation d’une gamme de plantes et de fleurs locales appropri\u00e9es et l’\u00e9vitement de la taille s\u00e9v\u00e8re simultan\u00e9e de chaque haie peuvent aider \u00e0 pr\u00e9server l’habitat et les ressources saisonni\u00e8res. Il s’agit de principes pratiques fond\u00e9s sur des recherches plus larges sur les haies, et non d’une prescription test\u00e9e pour chaque ferme de Beira Baixa. Les conditions locales, les besoins des cultures, la disponibilit\u00e9 de l’eau et la capacit\u00e9 d’entretien doivent guider les d\u00e9cisions.<\/p>\n

Le feu et la s\u00e9cheresse m\u00e9ritent \u00e9galement d’\u00eatre pris en compte. On ne peut pas supposer qu’une haie pr\u00e9vienne le feu ou qu’elle soit inoffensive dans tous les lieux : sa conception et son entretien doivent s’adapter au site et aux conseils locaux en mati\u00e8re de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 incendie. Un rapport de participation publique de Beira Baixa consigne les priorit\u00e9s locales, notamment le maintien des paysages agricoles traditionnels, la restauration de la biodiversit\u00e9 et le soutien \u00e0 l’agriculture r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratrice. Il s’agit d’un document de consultation et de propositions, et non d’une \u00e9valuation scientifique des r\u00e9sultats des haies. (Cunha et Pedro, rapport de participation publique de Beira Baixa)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ce que nous savons et ce qui reste incertain<\/h2>\n

Les preuves sugg\u00e8rent un r\u00f4le \u00e9cologique cr\u00e9dible pour les haies\u00a0: elles peuvent ajouter de l\u2019habitat et de la connectivit\u00e9, et des \u00e9tudes men\u00e9es ailleurs dans les terres agricoles m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 des avantages pour certains organismes du sol et des services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques. La Beira Baixa pr\u00e9sente une diversit\u00e9 document\u00e9e d\u2019abeilles dans un paysage agricole mixte, mais l\u2019\u00e9tude locale disponible n\u2019isole pas les effets des haies. Une surveillance locale plus approfondie, comparant diff\u00e9rents types de haies et pratiques de gestion avec les champs voisins au fil du temps, aiderait les agriculteurs et les professionnels de la conservation \u00e0 identifier les approches qui fonctionnent le mieux ici.<\/p>\n

L\u2019implication pratique est mesur\u00e9e mais valable\u00a0: conserver les haies \u00e9tablies dans la mesure du possible, tenir compte de leur place dans un r\u00e9seau d\u2019habitat plus large et \u00e9valuer les nouvelles plantations en fonction des besoins locaux en mati\u00e8re d\u2019agriculture et de gestion des incendies. Les haies traditionnelles ne sont pas une solution universelle, mais elles peuvent \u00eatre un \u00e9l\u00e9ment pr\u00e9cieux d\u2019une mosa\u00efque agricole plus riche sur le plan \u00e9cologique en Beira Baixa.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L’importance \u00e9cologique des haies traditionnelles dans l’agriculture de Beira Baixa \u00c0 travers Beira Baixa, l’agriculture s’int\u00e8gre dans un paysage vari\u00e9 d’oliveraies, de vignobles, de vergers, de p\u00e2turages et d’habitats semi-naturels….<\/p>","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":10055,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45,153,54,46,207],"tags":[183,41,279,222],"class_list":["post-10059","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-eternum","category-food-cooking","category-gastronomia","category-noticias","category-region","tag-beira-baixa","tag-farmers","tag-food","tag-traditional"],"yoast_head":"\nTraditional Hedgerows in Beira Baixa: Their Ecological Role<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore how traditional hedgerows may support wildlife, soil biodiversity and farming in Beira Baixa\u2014and 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